Tekken 4 Ppsspp [best] < 2K - 480p >
To play on your mobile device, it is important to note that is a PlayStation 2 (PS2) game, not a native PlayStation Portable (PSP) game . Because of this, it cannot be run directly through the PPSSPP emulator without a "modded" version .
For the most authentic experience, you should use a PS2 emulator instead. 1. Recommended Emulators for Tekken 4
Since the PPSSPP emulator is specifically for PSP games , you will need one of the following to play the original Tekken 4 ISO: Android: Use AetherSX2 or DamonPS2 . PC: Use PCSX2 . 2. How to Setup Tekken 4 on Android
If you choose to use a PS2 emulator like AetherSX2, follow these steps: Cómo descargar Tekken 8 en Android con PPSSPP - TikTok
While was originally a PlayStation 2 (PS2) exclusive and not natively released for the PSP, you can play it on the PPSSPP emulator by using fan-made mods or by playing or Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection
, which are native PSP titles often modded to look and feel like Tekken 4. How to Get "Tekken 4" on PPSSPP
Since there is no official ISO for Tekken 4 on PSP, players typically use one of the following "pieces" to get the experience: (Modded ISO): The most common method is downloading a
ISO that has been modded with Tekken 4 textures, music, and UI elements. These are widely available on community sites like PPSSPP ISOS.
Save Data Mods: You can download specific Save Data files (the "ULUS" or "ULES" folders) that unlock all characters and change their costumes to resemble the Tekken 4 roster. Texture Packs: If you already have Tekken 5: DR
, you can add a Texture Pack in the PPSSPP settings (Settings > Tools > Developer Tools > Replace Textures) to swap the visuals for the classic Tekken 4 aesthetic. Best Settings for Smooth Gameplay
To ensure the game runs at a consistent 60 FPS on mobile or PC, use these recommended settings in the PPSSPP emulator: Backend: Vulkan (faster) or OpenGL. Frame Skipping: Off (or 1 if you experience lag).
Rendering Resolution: 2x or 3x PSP (depending on your device's power). Fast Memory: Enabled (under System settings). Unlockable Characters (Classic Tekken 4)
If you are playing a version that mimics the original PS2 progression, these were the standard unlock requirements: Jin Kazama: Clear Story Mode once. Nina Williams: Clear Story Mode three times. Heihachi Mishima: Clear Story Mode eight times.
Eddy Gordo: Unlock as an alternate costume for Christie Monteiro by beating the game with her. Tekken 5 Unblockables: All Moves Showcase - TikTok
Tekken 4 PPSSPP Guide: How to Play on Android with PSP Emulator
Introduction
Tekken 4 is a classic fighting game that was originally released for the PlayStation 2 in 2001. With the help of a PSP emulator like PPSSPP, you can now play Tekken 4 on your Android device. In this guide, we'll walk you through the steps to download, install, and play Tekken 4 on your Android device using PPSSPP.
Requirements
- Android device with a decent processor and RAM (at least 2 GB)
- PPSSPP emulator (download from Google Play Store or official website)
- Tekken 4 ISO file (download from a reliable source)
Step 1: Download and Install PPSSPP
- Go to the Google Play Store or the official PPSSPP website (www.ppsspp.org) and download the PPSSPP emulator.
- Install the emulator on your Android device.
Step 2: Download Tekken 4 ISO File
- Search for "Tekken 4 ISO" on a reliable file-sharing website or torrent site.
- Download the Tekken 4 ISO file (approximately 4.5 GB).
- Make sure to download from a trusted source to avoid any malware or corrupted files.
Step 3: Configure PPSSPP Settings
- Launch PPSSPP on your Android device.
- Tap on "Settings" (gear icon) on the top-right corner.
- Scroll down to "Graphics" and select:
- "Render Type": GLES 2.0
- "Resolution": 2x or 3x (depending on your device's performance)
- Go back to the main menu and select "Audio":
- Set "Audio Backend" to "OpenSL ES"
Step 4: Load Tekken 4 ISO File
- On the PPSSPP main menu, tap on "Load ISO".
- Navigate to the location where you saved the Tekken 4 ISO file.
- Select the ISO file and tap "Open".
Step 5: Play Tekken 4
- The game should now load, and you can start playing Tekken 4.
- Use the on-screen controls or connect a controller to your Android device for a better gaming experience.
Tips and Tricks
- Make sure your device meets the minimum requirements for smooth gameplay.
- Adjust the PPSSPP settings to optimize performance and graphics quality.
- Use a high-quality controller for a more authentic gaming experience.
- Explore the game's modes, including Arcade, Versus, and Survival.
Troubleshooting
- If the game crashes or freezes, try:
- Lowering the graphics settings.
- Disabling audio.
- Re-loading the ISO file.
- If you encounter issues with controls, try:
- Adjusting the on-screen control layout.
- Connecting a controller.
By following these steps and tips, you should be able to play Tekken 4 on your Android device using PPSSPP. Enjoy the classic fighting game on the go!
Bringing the Gritty Realism of Tekken 4 to Your Pocket is often remembered as the "experimental" entry in the legendary fighting franchise. Released originally for the PlayStation 2, it departed from the flashy, high-speed action of
to favor a darker, more grounded atmosphere. While it never saw an official release on the PSP, the thriving modding community has made "Tekken 4 PPSSPP" a reality by heavily modding Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection to recreate this cult classic on the go. Why Tekken 4 Still Hits Different
What makes this specific entry worth revisiting via emulation? The "Digital Apocalypse" Vibe
: The game features a sleek, minimalist aesthetic and an ominous soundtrack that makes the world of Tekken feel menacing and technologically advanced. Interactive Environments
: It introduced walled stages and uneven terrain (like stairs and slopes), adding a layer of strategic positioning that was ahead of its time. Narrative Depth Tekken 4 Ppsspp
: Fans widely consider it to have the best story campaigns in the series, with cinematic character prologues and gritty endings that feel personal to each fighter. Optimizing Your PPSSPP Experience
To get that smooth "silk-like" speed on your mobile device or PC, you'll need the right PPSSPP settings for better performance on modern Android devices. Resolution for a balance between sharp graphics and high frame rates. Performance Hacks Hardware Transform Software Skinning Lazy Texture Caching to reduce lag during intense combos. The Legacy of the Iron Fist Tekken 4 Game Discussion and Favorite Aspects - Facebook
was never officially released for the PSP (PlayStation Portable), it is a popular topic within the emulation community for players using
. Because the PSP's hardware is significantly less powerful than the PlayStation 2 (the original platform for Tekken 4), running the game directly via PPSSPP is not possible.
Instead, the "Tekken 4 PPSSPP" experience is typically achieved through one of two methods: 1. Tekken 6 "Tekken 4 Mod"
Most videos or files labeled "Tekken 4 for PPSSPP" are actually highly customized mods of Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection (the two official Tekken titles for PSP).
: Modders swap character models, textures, and UI elements to mimic the unique atmosphere of Tekken 4. Music & Stages : These mods often replace the standard
soundtrack with Tekken 4's iconic "urban" and "experimental" music Character Costumes
: Modded versions include specific Tekken 4 outfits, such as Xiaoyu's classic costume or Christie Monteiro’s original look. 2. AetherSX2 or DamonPS2 (Android/PC) If your goal is to play the
Tekken 4 on a mobile device or PC, you cannot use PPSSPP. You must use a PlayStation 2 emulator for Android or Gameplay Differences
: Unlike the 2D-plane focused PSP titles, the real Tekken 4 introduced uneven terrain, breakable walls, and position swapping, which were revolutionary at the time. Quick Comparison: Tekken 4 (PS2) vs. Tekken PSP Titles Tekken 4 (Real Game) Tekken 5: DR / Tekken 6 (PSP) PlayStation 2 PSP (Native) / PPSSPP (Emulated) Uneven terrain, walled stages, realism-focused Balanced competitive play, "Bound" system (T6) Deepest narrative in the series Arcade-style ladder with CGI endings High-fidelity PS2 assets Optimized for portable screen Tips for Better Performance on PPSSPP
If you are playing a modded version of a PSP Tekken game to get that "Tekken 4 feel," use these settings for the smoothest experience: Rendering Resolution : Set to 2x or 3x for a HD look without lagging. Texture Filtering : Linear or Auto. Frame Skipping
: Keep this at "Off" or "1" to avoid choppy animations during fast combos. specific character guide for one of the Tekken titles available on PSP?
To provide a clear report on Tekken 4 for PPSSPP, it is important to understand that while Tekken 4 was a major release for the PlayStation 2 (PS2), it was never officially released for the PlayStation Portable (PSP).
Therefore, when users refer to "Tekken 4 PPSSPP," they are typically referring to fan-made mods. These mods use the Tekken 6 engine (the primary Tekken game on PSP) and apply custom textures, stages, and character models to recreate the aesthetic and atmosphere of Tekken 4. Tekken 4 (Original PS2 Context) Custom textures issue #21338 - hrydgard/ppsspp - GitHub
Report: Tekken 4 Compatibility and Performance on PPSSPP
Executive Summary
This report clarifies the compatibility status of Tekken 4 regarding the PPSSPP emulator.
Key Finding: Tekken 4 is not available on the PlayStation Portable (PSP) platform. Consequently, it is not playable on PPSSPP.
Detailed Analysis
-
Platform Exclusivity
- Tekken 4 was developed and published by Namco exclusively for the PlayStation 2 (PS2). It was released in arcades in 2001 and on the PS2 in 2002.
- The PlayStation Portable (PSP) was released later (2004/2005). The Tekken title developed specifically for the PSP launch window was Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection (often labeled simply as Tekken: Dark Resurrection on PSP cases).
-
PPSSPP Emulation Scope
- PPSSPP is a high-performance emulator designed specifically for the PlayStation Portable.
- It does not emulate PlayStation 2 hardware. Therefore, it cannot run PS2 ISO files (such as the
.iso for Tekken 4).
-
Common Confusion
- Users often confuse Tekken 4 with Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection (which is playable on PPSSPP) due to the proximity of their release dates and similar character rosters.
- Misleading YouTube videos or modded ISO files circulating on the internet often claim to show Tekken 4 running on PSP hardware. These are typically:
- Gameplay of Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection with a modded title screen.
- Gameplay running on a PS2 emulator (such as AetherSX2 or DamonPS2) on mobile devices, mistakenly labeled as PPSSPP.
How to Play Tekken on PPSSPP
If you wish to play a Tekken game on the PPSSPP emulator, the following titles are fully compatible and natively designed for the PSP:
- Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection (Often sold as Tekken: Dark Resurrection on UMD).
- Tekken 6.
How to Play Tekken 4 on Mobile/PC
To play Tekken 4, you must use a PlayStation 2 emulator.
- For PC: Use PCSX2. This is the most stable way to play Tekken 4 on a computer.
- For Android: Use AetherSX2 (or the NetherSX2 mod) or DamonPS2. Tekken 4 generally runs well on mid-to-high-end Android devices using PS2 emulation.
Conclusion
It is impossible to play Tekken 4 on PPSSPP because the game does not exist on the PSP platform. Users looking for the specific PS2 entry must use a PS2 emulator. Users looking for a Tekken experience on PPSSPP should play Tekken 6 or Tekken: Dark Resurrection.
Abstract
Tekken 4 remains a divisive entry in the long-running fighting game franchise due to its experimental uneven terrain mechanics, darker narrative tone, and major character redesigns. While originally an arcade and PlayStation 2 exclusive, the game is often emulated by fans via the PPSSPP emulator—despite PPSSPP being designed for the PlayStation Portable (PSP). This paper clarifies that no official Tekken 4 PSP port exists; instead, users emulate the PS2 version indirectly via external wrappers or confuse Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection (PSP) with Tekken 4. The paper analyzes the technical feasibility of running Tekken 4 through PPSSPP via RetroArch’s PS2 cores (LRPS2), performance metrics on mobile vs. desktop, and the cultural reasons behind this search trend.
Cons
- Does not exist – you cannot play Tekken 4 on PPSSPP.
- If you see YouTube videos claiming “Tekken 4 PPSSPP,” it’s either:
- A modded Tekken 5 DR with swapped character models/stages.
- A scam or fake download.
- No official story mode or endings as originally intended.
Why AetherSX2/NetherSX2?
This emulator translates PS2 hardware calls to ARM instructions (your phone’s processor). Modern flagship phones can run Tekken 4 at 2x-3x native resolution (720p/1080p) with full speed.
Optimized PCSX2 Settings for Tekken 4:
- Renderer: DirectX 12 or Vulkan.
- Internal Resolution: 1080p (3x Native) or 4K (6x Native).
- Anisotropic Filtering: 16x (Cleans up floor textures).
- Fix for "Ghosting" Effect: In Advanced Settings, set
Merge PP Sprite to "Aggressive." This fixes the famous "double image" bug on the training stage.
- Widescreen Hack: Enable
Widescreen 16:9 in the Cheats folder.
Result: On a mid-range PC, Tekken 4 runs at a flawless 60 FPS with zero input lag—better than the original PS2 hardware.
Requirements:
- A legal copy of Tekken 4 (PS2
.iso file).
- PS2PSP (PSX2PSP) – A GUI tool to convert ISOs to EBOOT.
- PPSSPP Gold or the latest PPSSPP build.
Chapter 1: Boot Sequence
Kaito, a street-level modder and Tekken enthusiast, found the handheld in a bin behind an electronics repair shop. He loaded it on his battered phone and fired up the PPSSPP emulator out of curiosity. The game title read “Tekken 4,” but the opponent list contained names that had never existed. When Kaito initiated a practice match, the AI fought with uncanny style—predicting counters, chaining combos from different fighters, and occasionally pausing as if remembering something.
6. Discussion: The Preservation Problem
The persistence of “Tekken 4 PPSSPP” queries reveals a gap in emulation literacy. Casual users assume: To play on your mobile device, it is
- A single emulator runs all old games.
- A PSP emulator can magically scale to PS2.
This has led to widespread misinformation on ROM sites, where fake “Tekken 4 PSP ISO” downloads often contain malware or repacked Tekken 5 assets labeled as Tekken 4.
Verdict (Interesting, Not Essential)
"Tekken 4 on PPSSPP is a curiosity, not a replacement. If you want to experience Tekken 4’s unique atmosphere on the go, this mod is a fun experiment — but don’t expect accurate gameplay. For the true Tekken 4 experience, emulate the PS2 version (on a decent device). For a great portable Tekken, just play Dark Resurrection — it’s superior in every way except nostalgia."
Rating: 6/10 — Interesting for tinkerers and mod fans, but frustrating for purists.
To get running on PPSSPP, you need to understand that the original game was released for PlayStation 2, while PPSSPP is a PSP (PlayStation Portable) emulator. Because Tekken 4 was never officially released on the PSP, playing it usually involves using a modded version of Tekken 6 or Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection that features Tekken 4 characters, stages, and music. Getting Started with Tekken 4 (PSP Mod)
Since there is no native Tekken 4 ISO for PSP, users typically download a Tekken 4 Mod ISO for PPSSPP.
Emulator: Download the latest version of the PPSSPP Emulator for your device (Android, PC, or iOS).
ISO File: Search for "Tekken 4 Mod for PPSSPP" on community forums or YouTube; these are fan-made projects that skin Tekken 6 to look and play like Tekken 4.
Save Data: Many mods require specific Save Data files to unlock the customized "Tekken 4" skins and characters. Place these in the PSP/SAVEDATA folder of your emulator. Optimal Settings for Smooth Gameplay
To mimic the realistic and darker atmosphere of the original Tekken 4, use these settings in PPSSPP:
Backend: Set to Vulkan for better performance on modern Android devices, or OpenGL for older PCs.
Rendering Resolution: Set to 2x or 3x PSP for a HD look (similar to the 4K walkthroughs seen online). Frame Skipping: Set to Off for a fluid 60FPS experience.
Texture Filtering: Use Linear to keep the character models looking sharp. Basic Controls & Combat
Tekken uses a 4-button system where each button corresponds to a limb [12, 13]: 1 (Square): Left Punch 2 (Triangle): Right Punch 3 (X): Left Kick 4 (Circle): Right Kick
Advanced Movement: Tekken 4 introduced uneven terrain and walls. Use Sidestepping (tapping Up or Down) to maneuver your opponent into a wall for extra wall combo damage. Unlocking Classic Content
In the original game (and often mirrored in mods), you can unlock characters by completing Story Mode multiple times [14]: Jin Kazama: Complete Story Mode 1 time. Lee/Violet: Complete Story Mode 2 times [33]. Nina Williams: Complete Story Mode 3 times.
Miharu Hirano: Finish story mode with Ling Xiaoyu, then press Circle over her icon at character select [28]. Key Game Modes
Tekken Force: A side-scrolling beat-'em-up mode where you fight waves of soldiers [30].
Practice Mode: Essential for learning 10-hit combos and character-specific moves.
Story Mode: Features unique cinematic endings for every fighter [5, 26].
was never officially released on the PlayStation Portable (PSP) or for the PPSSPP emulator
, it remains a highly discussed title within the emulation community. The following report clarifies the technical reality of playing Tekken 4 via PPSSPP and the best official alternatives available. 1. The Technical Reality: PS2 vs. PSP The most critical fact to understand is that
was a PlayStation 2 (PS2) exclusive and never received a PSP port. Emulator Compatibility : Since PPSSPP specifically emulates the PSP hardware, it cannot run native PS2 ISOs like Tekken 4. Misleading Content
: Many "Tekken 4 for PPSSPP" files found online are typically Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection ISOs that have been
with textures, music, and character skins to resemble Tekken 4. 2. Best Official Alternatives on PPSSPP
If you are looking for an authentic Tekken experience on the PPSSPP emulator, you should use the titles actually released for the PSP: Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection
: Widely considered one of the best portable fighting games, featuring a massive roster and refined gameplay.
: The final official entry for the PSP, featuring the "Rage" system and a high-quality port of the console version. Tekken Wiki 3. Key Differences in Tekken 4 Gameplay
For those who want the specific "feel" of Tekken 4 (even if played through mods on other versions), these were the game's defining features: Interactive Environments
: It introduced walled stages and uneven terrain (like slopes), which significantly impacted positioning. Movement Changes
: Character movement was slower and more fluid, with a heavy focus on the environment rather than long "juggling" combos. Atmosphere Android device with a decent processor and RAM
: Known for a more "realistic" and serious tone, it omitted supernatural characters like Jack to fit a gritty urban aesthetic. 4. Recommended PPSSPP Settings for Tekken
To get the best performance for any Tekken title on PPSSPP, users typically recommend the following configuration:
Ppsspp 철권 6 다운로드 : Tekken 4 APK for Android ... - Condier
Tekken 4 PPSSPP: A Comprehensive Guide to Playing the Classic Fighting Game on Your Android Device
The Tekken series has been a staple of the fighting game genre for decades, with its fast-paced action, intricate gameplay mechanics, and rich storyline. One of the most beloved entries in the series is Tekken 4, which was originally released in 2001 for the PlayStation 2. This game is still widely regarded as one of the best in the series, and its popularity endures to this day.
Thanks to the PPSSPP emulator, fans of Tekken 4 can now play this classic game on their Android devices, reliving the excitement of the original arcade experience. In this article, we'll take a closer look at Tekken 4 PPSSPP, including its features, gameplay, and technical requirements.
What is PPSSPP?
PPSSPP is a popular emulator for the PlayStation Portable (PSP) console, which allows users to play PSP games on their Android devices. The emulator is highly optimized and supports a wide range of games, including Tekken 4. PPSSPP is available for free on the Google Play Store, and it's also open-source, which means that developers can modify and improve the emulator over time.
Tekken 4: A Brief Overview
Tekken 4 is a 3D fighting game developed by Namco, the same company behind the Tekken series. The game takes place in a fictional world where the King of Iron Fist Tournament is held, attracting fighters from all over the globe. The game's story follows the events of the tournament, as well as the personal struggles of the characters.
Tekken 4 introduced several innovations to the series, including a new gameplay mechanic called "Rage," which allows characters to enter a state of fury when their health falls below a certain threshold. The game also features a wide range of characters, each with their own unique abilities and fighting styles.
Features of Tekken 4 PPSSPP
Playing Tekken 4 on PPSSPP offers several advantages over the original game. Here are some of the key features:
- Portability: With PPSSPP, you can play Tekken 4 on your Android device, which means you can take the game with you wherever you go.
- Improved graphics: PPSSPP allows you to upscale the game's graphics, making it look even better than the original.
- Customizable controls: You can customize the game's controls to suit your preferences, including the layout and size of the buttons.
- Save states: PPSSPP allows you to save your progress at any time, which means you can pick up where you left off without having to worry about losing your progress.
Gameplay and Mechanics
The gameplay in Tekken 4 PPSSPP is similar to the original game. The game features a variety of fighting modes, including Arcade, Versus, and Team Battle. The game's mechanics have been tweaked to work well with the PPSSPP emulator, ensuring a smooth and responsive experience.
Characters and Stages
Tekken 4 features a diverse cast of characters, each with their own unique abilities and fighting styles. Some of the most popular characters in the game include Jin Kazama, Kazuya Mishima, and Nina Williams. The game also features several stages, each with its own unique design and obstacles.
Technical Requirements
To play Tekken 4 PPSSPP, you'll need an Android device with the following specifications:
- Android 4.1 or higher: PPSSPP requires Android 4.1 or higher to run smoothly.
- 1.5 GHz processor or faster: A fast processor is required to ensure smooth gameplay.
- 512 MB RAM or more: Ample RAM is necessary to prevent lag and ensure a responsive experience.
- OpenGL 2.0 or higher: PPSSPP requires OpenGL 2.0 or higher to render the game's graphics.
How to Download and Install Tekken 4 PPSSPP
Downloading and installing Tekken 4 PPSSPP is relatively straightforward. Here's what you need to do:
- Download PPSSPP: Go to the Google Play Store and download the PPSSPP emulator.
- Download the Tekken 4 ISO: You'll need to download the Tekken 4 ISO file, which can be found online.
- Extract the ISO file: Extract the ISO file to your device's storage.
- Launch PPSSPP: Launch PPSSPP and navigate to the "Games" tab.
- Select the Tekken 4 ISO: Select the Tekken 4 ISO file and wait for the game to load.
Conclusion
Tekken 4 PPSSPP is a great way to play this classic fighting game on your Android device. With its smooth gameplay, customizable controls, and improved graphics, it's a must-have for fans of the series. Whether you're a seasoned Tekken player or just looking for a new fighting game to try, Tekken 4 PPSSPP is definitely worth checking out.
Tips and Tricks
- Adjust the graphics settings: Experiment with different graphics settings to find the best balance between performance and visuals.
- Use a controller: Consider using a controller to play Tekken 4 PPSSPP, as it can improve the overall experience.
- Practice your combos: Tekken 4 is a game that rewards practice and skill, so be sure to practice your combos and strategies.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Is Tekken 4 PPSSPP safe to download?: Yes, PPSSPP is a safe and legitimate emulator, and downloading Tekken 4 PPSSPP is safe as long as you download it from a reputable source.
- Can I play Tekken 4 PPSSPP on my PC?: Yes, PPSSPP is available for PC as well, and you can play Tekken 4 PPSSPP on your PC using the emulator.
- Is Tekken 4 PPSSPP compatible with my device?: Check the technical requirements above to ensure that your device meets the minimum specifications to run Tekken 4 PPSSPP smoothly.
While Tekken 4 was originally a PlayStation 2 exclusive, many players use the PPSSPP emulator to run modified versions or "mods" of Tekken 6—which was actually released on PSP—to recreate the Tekken 4 experience on mobile and PC. Key Features of Tekken 4
Walled Arenas: This was the first entry to introduce walled stages and environmental hazards, allowing for more strategic "juggling" of opponents.
Unique Roster: The game features 23 characters, including newcomers like Christie Monteiro (Capoeira) and Steve Fox (Boxing).
Tekken Force Mode: A fan-favourite beat-'em-up mini-game with an over-the-shoulder perspective.
Story Mode: Unlike other entries, it features deep, narrative-driven levels with unlockable cutscenes for each character. Unlockable Characters
You can expand your roster by completing Story Mode multiple times: Jin Kazama: Finish Story Mode 1 time. Lee/Violet: Finish Story Mode 2 times. Nina Williams: Finish Story Mode 3 times. Heihachi Mishima: Finish Story Mode 8 times. The PPSSPP "Version"
Technically, a native PSP version of Tekken 4 does not exist. Most "Tekken 4 PPSSPP" downloads found on platforms like TikTok are high-quality mods of Tekken 6 that feature Tekken 4 textures, character skins, and music to mimic the 2002 classic's distinct "dark vibe".